Scholars saints & safis: Muslim relious institutions in the Middle East since 1500

Introduction (Nikki R. Keddie) — 1

PART I. Scholars: The Ulama

1. Some Observations on the Development of the Ottoman Learned Hierarchy

Richard Repp — 17

2. The Ottoman Ulema and the Tanzimat

Richard L. Chambers — 33

3. The Religious Establishment in Husainid Tunisia

Leon Carl Brown — 47

4. The Moroccan Ulama, 1860–1912: An Introduction

Edmund Burke, III — 93

5. Profile of a Nineteenth-Century Moroccan Scholar

Kenneth Brown — 127

6. The Ulama of Cairo in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid Marsot — 149

7. Nonideological Responses of the Egyptian Ulama to Modernization

Daniel Crecelius — 167

8. The Roots of the Ulama's Power in Modern Iran

Nikki R. Keddie — 211

9. The Oppositional Role of the Ulama in Twentieth-Century Iran

Hamid Algar — 231

10. Activism of the Ulama in Pakistan

Aziz Ahmad — 257

PART II. Saints and Sufis: Popular Religious Institutions

11. A Short History of the Khalwati Order of Dervishes

B. G. Martin — 275

12. Doctor and Saint

Ernest Gellner — 307

13. The Hamadsha

Vincent Crapanzano — 327

14. Religious Symbolism and Social Change: The Drama of Husain

Gustav Thaiss — 349

15. Mahdis, Walis, and New Men in the Sudan

John Voll — 367

16. Variation in Religious Observance among Islamic Women

Robert A. Fernea and Elizabeth W. Fernea — 385