NON-VIOLENT MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH ASIA: LESSONS LEARNT

This article provides a comparative analysis of major non-violent movements in South Asia, seeking to draw out the key "lessons learned." It examines the rich history of non-violent resistance in the region, from the Gandhian independence movement in India to the pro-democracy movements in countries like Nepal and Bangladesh. The study explores the strategic logic of non-violent action and analyzes the factors that contribute to its success or failure. The research identifies several key lessons, including the importance of broad-based coalition-building, the adoption of a diverse and creative repertoire of non-violent tactics, the maintenance of non-violent discipline even in the face of state repression, and the ability to win over the sympathy of external actors. The paper argues that South Asia offers a globally significant laboratory for the study of non-violent struggle. The analysis concludes by reflecting on the enduring relevance of these lessons for contemporary social and political movements.

South Asia has a long and powerful tradition of non-violent political action. This paper delves into this rich history to distill the key lessons learned from some of the region's most significant non-violent movements. The study begins with an analysis of the foundational case: the Indian independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, which developed a sophisticated and powerful philosophy and strategy of non-violent resistance, or "Satyagraha." The core of the article is a comparative examination of more recent movements, such as the Jana Andolan in Nepal that overthrew the monarchy and the mass uprisings that have periodically restored democracy in Bangladesh. The paper seeks to identify the common elements of successful movements. A key lesson identified is the critical importance of building a broad and inclusive coalition that can bring together diverse social forces, from students and professionals to political parties. Another crucial lesson is the need for strategic and tactical innovation, moving beyond simple street protests to a wider range of actions, from civil disobedience to boycotts. The paper also provides a sober assessment of the immense challenges, particularly the difficulty of maintaining non-violent discipline in the face of brutal state violence. The findings of this comparative analysis provide a powerful testament to the potential of people power. The paper concludes that the historical experience of South Asia offers a rich and invaluable source of knowledge for activists and scholars around the world who are interested in the theory and practice of non-violent social change.