The Routledge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence and International Relations

PART I

Foundations and Perspectives 3

1 From Entropy to International Relations: How Research into Artificial Intelligence Is

Improving the World 5

Andrea de Giorgio

2 The Geopolitical Impact of Artificial Intelligence: The UN SDGs and China's Strategies in

Africa 19

Settimio Stallone

3 Complex Reflections on Artificial Intelligence 31

Marco Emanuele

4 Artificial Intelligence and Supranational Law: Between Anthropocentrism and Technological

Development 40

Giovanni Zarra and Roberto Ruoppo

PART II

Philosophy, Policy, and Governance 55

5 Artificial Intelligence, Governance, and Race 57

Farai Chipato and David Chandler

6 International Relations in the “Age of Technologization” 72

Diego Brasioli

7 Harmony in the Helix: Navigating the “AI Race” through Collaborative Geopolitics 92

Enzo Maria Le Fevre Cervini

8 Exploring the Recent Advancements and Transformative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 112

Nicolas Griedlich, Liubomyr Bregman, and Anke Joubert

9 Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Conflict Resolution 124

Ugo Tramballi

PART III

Military, Security, and Defense 127

10 Chemical and Biological Weapons in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence 129

David J. Heslop and Joel R. Keep

11 Extended Meaningful Human Control of AI-Powered Warfare 149

Guglielmo Tamburrini

12 Use of Artificial Intelligence in Armed Conflicts: What Is ‘Lawful’? 162

Stefano Dominelli and Pietro Sanna

13 Artificial Intelligence in Humanitarian Action: Humanity and the Machine 176

Massimo Marelli

14 The New Strategic Triad: Geopolitics, Diplomacy, and Artificial Intelligence – The Uncertain

Trumpet Redux 189

Alessandro Politi

PART IV

Security of Data in Cyberspace 203

15 Preserving Confidentiality and Privacy in Data-Driven Applications 205

Luigi Ruggerone and Valeria Ricci

Appendix A: “Multi-Party Computation” Design Details 212

Appendix B: “Federated Learning” Project Details 213

16 The Role of the Public Sector in Developing Supercomputing and Innovation Ecosystems:

The Case of Bologna Technopole within the Italian and European Framework 214

Francesco Ubertini and Alessandra Poggiani

17 Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity: Navigating a Double-Edged Relationship 223

Pascal Steichen

18 Artificial Intelligence and Earth Observation-Based Capability to Get Fast Access to Large-

Scale Transboundary Information 243

Marco Chini

PART V

Economic, Social, and Cultural Dimensions 253

19 Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for a More Equitable World 255

Joe Cerrell

20 Artificial Intelligence and Future Perspectives of the International Humanitarian Law in

Conflict Settings: A Focus on Children in Armed Conflict 264

Laura Guercio

21 A 21st-Century Odyssey: Using Artificial Intelligence to Navigate the Seas of International

Development Cooperation Toward the Promotion of the Rule of Law 279

Giulio Venneri

22 The ChatGPT Artificial Intelligence Model: Challenges and Solutions 294

Maria Amata Garito and Marco Breda

23 Traditional Knowledge, Environmental Challenges, and Artificial Intelligence: Ethical

Generative AI Use and Sustainable Approaches 304

Giovanna Gnerre Landini

24 Artificial Intelligence’s Influence on the Economy: Balancing Potential and Real-World

Challenges 322

Angelo Federico Arcelli and Pietro Bossi

PART VI

Ethics, Oversight, and Accountability 335

25 The AI Act: A Geopolitical Tool to Foster Human Rights and Ethics 337

Alessandro Mantelero

26 Human Agency and Oversight – A Responsible and Trustworthy Use of Artificial

Intelligence: The AI Act Approach 347

Lucilla Sioli and Miriam D’Arrigo

27 The Role of Ethics in the Future Regulation of Artificial Intelligence 360

Laura Palazzani

28 Ethical Dilemmas and Regulatory Landscape in Healthcare Artificial Intelligence 369

Yasaman Yousefi, Daniel Karpati, and Christoph Schommer

29 Artificial Intelligence Ethics: Challenges for a Computer Science Ethics Board with a Focus

on Autonomy 382

Gabriele Lenzini

ANNEX I: A Comparative Overview of Artificial Intelligence Regulatory Systems 392

ANNEX II: Young Leaders’ Vision on the Future of Artificial Intelligence 406

Bram Koers, Beatrice Biffi, Sana Hadžić-Babačić, Stefan Marković, Vyara Noncheva, Hannah

Pauly, Devi Purwanti, Donada Rata, Roberta Risso, Jérôme Seibert, Juho Toppari, Luis

Engelmann, Sofiia Zhuchyk, Mahmoud Moussa, Lilly Grande, Emilie Uehara, Mariia Mirat, Chiara

Cupola, Sara Maria Barbaglia, Sophia Vermaas, Ricardo Nuno de Almeida Gens, Matheus Fischer

Meyer, Rafaela Lara Caetano Reinhardt, Alina Diachenko, Ricardo Filipe Tavares Magalhaes,

Adrian Wróbel

Index 409