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Abstract
This article analyses eco-labelling from the vantage point of Bangladeshi exporters in textiles, leather, shrimp and light engineering. It explains the legal architecture—WTO TBT and SPS disciplines, voluntary versus mandatory schemes, mutual recognition—and the risks of de facto barriers when criteria are opaque or costly to verify. The paper reviews prominent labels in destination markets, audit requirements, chain-of-custody, and remedies available to firms that face discriminatory application. It argues that compliance can be an opportunity if approached strategically: cleaner production often lowers input costs and opens premium segments. The study outlines national support measures—testing capacity, accreditation, and SME advisory services—and proposes industry roadmaps to phase in credible certifications without excluding smaller suppliers.
Full Text
The body begins by mapping global eco-labelling schemes and distinguishing product, process, and performance-based criteria. Section One interprets WTO jurisprudence on non-discrimination and the limits of process standards, clarifying when labels might trigger disputes. Section Two examines cost structures and typical audit findings in Bangladesh, from effluent treatment and chemical management to labour and traceability. Section Three proposes a public–private enabling package: modern labs with international accreditation, subsidy windows for cleaner technology, and a national repository of accepted standards and equivalence decisions. Section Four offers sector playbooks—RMG/knitwear, leather, shrimp aquaculture—detailing achievable milestones, pooled procurement of audits, and digital compliance records to cut duplication. Section Five suggests trade diplomacy strategies: mutual recognition pilots, participation in standards committees, and transparency pledges by buyers. The conclusion argues that eco-labelling, handled proactively, can improve competitiveness, resilience to regulation, and reputation in key markets.