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Abstract
This article provides an overview of global security trends and issues in the post-Cold War world, highlighting asymmetric threats, transnational risks, and shifting power balances. It surveys terrorism, cyber threats, climate change, pandemics, and nuclear proliferation as multidimensional security challenges. The paper assesses the role of the UN, NATO, regional organisations, and non-state actors in responding to these risks. It also examines the intersection of development and security, arguing that inclusive governance, poverty reduction, and human rights are essential for lasting peace. The study calls for cooperative security frameworks that bridge the global North and South and address both traditional and non-traditional threats.
Full Text
The body begins by mapping post-9/11 transformations in security thinking. Section One analyses asymmetric threats: terrorism networks, WMD proliferation, and hybrid warfare. Section Two evaluates non-traditional risks: pandemics, climate change, food and energy insecurity. Section Three explores cyber threats, state and non-state actors, and the geopolitics of digital infrastructure. Section Four examines governance: UN Security Council reform, regional cooperation, and role of civil society. Section Five considers development–security linkages, arguing that inequality and exclusion fuel instability. The conclusion outlines a multi-layered approach combining hard and soft security tools, adaptive governance, and investment in resilience.