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Abstract
This article explores the trajectory of Iran’s nuclear programme and its security implications for the Middle East and beyond. It reviews technical capabilities, enrichment activities, and Iran’s claims of peaceful use. The paper assesses regional responses—Israel’s security concerns, Gulf states’ anxieties, and Turkey’s mediating role—and global reactions, particularly from the US, EU, Russia, and China. It evaluates the impact of sanctions, UN resolutions, and diplomacy, including the IAEA’s monitoring role. The study concludes that while Iran insists on sovereignty over nuclear technology, the opacity of its programme exacerbates mistrust and risks escalation. The paper argues for multilateral diplomacy as the only sustainable path to prevent proliferation and secure stability.
Full Text
The body begins with Iran’s nuclear history and the NPT framework. Section One details uranium enrichment sites, fuel cycle technology, and transparency issues. Section Two examines sanctions regimes: trade embargoes, financial restrictions, and arms controls. Section Three analyses regional security impacts: deterrence dynamics, missile defence, and proliferation cascades. Section Four evaluates diplomacy: EU3+3 negotiations, back-channel talks, and mediation attempts. Section Five explores global security implications: nuclear governance, precedent-setting, and risks of armed confrontation. The conclusion stresses that without credible inspections and reciprocal concessions, the crisis risks entrenching, but constructive diplomacy still offers a pathway to de-escalation.